During this phase the concept of the separate Arab nation-state became fully legitimate. In the aftermath of the 1967 war each Arab country rendered the concept of a single, overarching Arab nation-state useless. This second phase in the political history of the Middle East lasted until the 1967 war and was characterized by the development of unique Arab nation-states. It was marked by deep disappointment at the fact that the League of Nations sanctioned foreign presence in the region, and by the division of the Arab territories into a series of newly created entities. With the end of the war and the postwar agreements, the second phase began. The first phase of modernization, involving major foreign influence over the political thinking and ideologies of the Middle East, lasted until the de facto disappearance of the Ottoman Empire in 1917.
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